| John Axouch | |
|---|---|
| Born | c. 1087 |
| Died | c. 1150 |
| Allegiance | Byzantine Empire |
| Rank | Megas domestikos |
| Commands held | Commander in Chief of the Byzantine Army, |
| Battles/wars | Campaigns of John I Komnenos, Battle of Beroia, Siege of Corfu |
John Axouch or Axouchos, also transliterated as Axuch (Greek: Ἰωάννης Ἀξούχ or Ἀξοῦχος, flourished circa 1087 - circa 1150) was the commander-in-chief (megas domestikos) of the Byzantine Army during the reign of Emperor John II Komnenos, and the early part of the reign of his son Manuel I Komnenos.
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John was a Turk by birth (referred to anachronistically as a "Persian" by John Kinnamos).[1] As an infant he had been captured by Crusaders at Nicaea in 1097. Given to Alexios I Komnenos as a present, he was raised in the imperial household.[2][3] Growing up he was a constant companion of John Komnenos, Alexios' heir. When the latter ascended the throne as John II in 1118, he appointed John Axouch as megas domestikos.[2] He was the emperor's only close personal friend and confidant,[1] and all members of the imperial family were required to make obeisance to him.[4] After foiling a plot against his throne and life by his sister Anna and her husband Nikephoros Bryennios (who betrayed the plot), John II tried to give his sister's confiscated property to Axouch. Axouch wisely refused as he realised that it would have further soured his relations with the imperial family and make him unpopular with the higher aristocracy. Axouch also asked the emperor for clemency for Anna, and the two siblings were reconciled, at least to a degree.[5]
The emperor was an active soldier and often went on campaign, therefore he and Axouch often collaborated in their efforts. In the taking of Laodicea from the Seljuk Turks in 1119, Axouch conducted the siege,[1] which then allowed John II a swift victory when he arrived on the scene. This campaign opened up the land route across Anatolia to Antalya and Cilicia.
When fighting the Pechenegs (Patzinaks) in the Balkans in 1122, Axouch was wounded in the leg or foot (see the Battle of Beroia).[6] Axouch also played an active part in the campaigns of 1137-1138 in Cilicia, Antioch and Northern Syria, during the course of which he was wounded once again.[6]
In 1143, on the death of John II following a hunting accident in Cilicia, John Axouch was instrumental in securing Constantinople for John's chosen successor, his younger surviving son Manuel I Komnenos, against the possible candidacies of his elder brother and uncle, both named Isaac. Axouch was faithful to the wishes of John II, although he is recorded as having tried hard to persuade the dying emperor that his elder surviving son Isaac was the better candidate to succeed. Though some of the clergy, the people and the military thought that he had a greater claim to the throne, Isaac had to resign himself to his younger brother's accession.[7]
It is notable that some sources indicate that Axouch was much attached to Isaac and, at least early in his reign, Manuel was suspicious of any hint of collusion between his brother and Axouch.[8][9][10] Once in power, however, Manuel confirmed Axouch's position as megas domestikos.[11]
At the emperor's table during a campaign in 1145-1146, a heated debate occurred, with comparisons being made between the martial qualities of Manuel and his father. John Axouch offensively extolled John II to the detriment of Manuel, and was vociferously supported by Manuel's brother Isaac. Tempers became inflamed and Isaac attacked his cousin, the future emperor Andronikos with a sword, the blow was deflected by the emperor with the aid of another kinsman. Axouch was punished for his part in the debacle by being deprived of the privilege of bearing the imperial seal.[12] The episode is indicative of Axouch's integration within the imperial family. It has been suggested that Axouch's possession of the imperial seal before 1145-1146 meant that he was, in addition to his military duties, the head of the civil administration of the Empire. This was an unofficial position known at the time as the mesazon, and equivalent to a vizier or 'prime-minister.'[13]
John Axouch commanded the forces acting against the Normans of Sicily in Corfu (1148–1149), following the death in battle of the previous Byzantine commander, the megas doux Stephanos Kontostephanos. When rioting broke out between the Byzantine soldiery and the allied Venetians Axouch tried to mediate. However, he was eventually obliged to send his bodyguard to quell the disturbance by force.[6] Axouch's forces starved the Normans into submission in 1149, they surrendered their fortifications and withdrew from the island.[14] John Axouch is believed to have died shortly after, in ca. 1150.[2]
Unsurprisingly for someone raised by Alexios I, Axouch appears to have been very well educated. He had a lively interest in theology, and is known to have asked searching questions of the theologian Nicholas of Methone concerning the nature of the 'indwelling of the Holy Spirit within the apostles'.[15]
John II led virtually all of the important campaigns conducted during his reign personally; as a result of this circumstance Axouch is one of the few Byzantine commanders of this period to receive the notice of contemporary historians and chroniclers.
The Byzantine historian Niketas Choniates gave the following description of John Axouch's qualities: “Not only were his hands skilled in war but they were also quick and agile in performing good works. Furthermore, the nobility and liberality of his mind quite overshadowed his humble origins and made Axuch beloved by all.”[16]
John had a son, Alexios, who married Maria Komnene, the daughter of John II's eldest son and co-emperor Alexios (died 1142).[2][17] Alexios Axouch was made protostrator, the second-in-command of the Byzantine army. In 1167, he was accused of treason and forced to enter a monastery.[2][18] John Axouch's daughter Eudokia married Stephen Komnenos, a great-nephew of Alexios I Komnenos.[2]
It is highly probable that John Axouch was the ancestor of Theodora Axouchina, wife of Alexios I, Emperor of Trebizond. Their eldest son bore the name John I Megas Komnenos Axouchos.
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